Glaucoma is often referred to as the “silent thief of sight” because the early stages of vision loss usually go unnoticed. When glaucoma harms the optic nerve, which sends images from the eye to the brain, vision loss occurs. It may affect one or both eyes, and if left untreated, it can eventually result in blindness. Although treatments can help slow its progression, there is currently no cure for glaucoma, and any vision loss that occurs is permanent and irreversible. Understanding the risk factors and common symptoms can help us become more aware and proactive about prevention and early detection.
Most, but not all, of glaucoma are caused by raised pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). Similar to how high blood pressure affects various areas of our body, particularly heart health, high eye pressure also increases the risk of various eye complications. Inside the front part of the eye, there is a clear fluid called aqueous humor. The eye is constantly producing this fluid, while at the same time, an equal amount normally drains out through a tiny drainage system. When this delicate balance is disrupted, fluid can accumulate, causing eye pressure to rise. People with eye injuries, family history, certain medications, especially corticosteroids, and health conditions like diabetes and hypertension are at a higher risk for elevated eye pressure. Ocular hypertension often has no obvious signs, which is why regular eye examinations are essential for the early detection of glaucoma, particularly in individuals at high risk.
People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop glaucoma as are non-diabetic. Over time, fluctuations in blood sugar can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to the formation of abnormal new vessels and blockage of eye drainage channels. If you have diabetes, it’s important to manage your blood sugar level to preserve your eyesight. Eating a healthy diet, taking medications regularly and exercising regularly can help reduce the chances of eye complications. It is also crucial to have a dilated eye exam at least once a year and be aware of common glaucoma symptoms such as hazy or blurred vision, seeing halos around lights, double vision, or seeing two images instead of one. If you notice any changes in your vision or symptoms, let your doctor know right away.
Glaucoma can cause blindness, typically affecting peripheral (side) vision first, with central vision lost in the later stages. This is why regular glaucoma screening is crucial. Tonometry is an important test used to measure intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the pressure inside your eyes. It is a painless procedure, performed using an instrument that gently applies a brief pulse of air or a light touch to the eye. Regular tonometry tests can help detect glaucoma early, before significant vision loss occurs. If you are at risk of glaucoma, it is recommended to undergo screening at least once a year.